Discuss the Relationship Between Persuasion and Attitude Change.

Discuss the relationship between persuasion and attitude change. The procedure of changing attitudes to then furthermore change behaviour has led psychologists to develop research into the topic of how persuasion takes place. The Hovland-Yale model was initially developed to persuade the American public for more support in the last stages of WW2. It was learnt that in order to persuade effectively, the need was to focus on who and what. Principally the content, the audience and the communicator.It was found that the most effective sources were experts as they had more credibility than non-experts, but also popular and attractive sources were more effective than unattractive sources. Bochner & Insko asked students to suggest how much sleep was needed, before showing them two different sources of information – an expert and a non-expert. Students were more persuaded by the expert even when it conflicted with their own beliefs. Another finding from the model found that messages a re more effective if the audience feels that their main purpose is not to persuade.Also, if a message contains a moderate level of fear it becomes more successful. McGuire also found that there was a primacy effect in messages. His research found that when he was trying to persuade students to join a course, he was more persuasive if he gave the positive points first. The final factor involved in the Hovland-Yale model is audience factors. It was seen that moderately intelligent audience members were more easily persuaded and when aiming at high intelligence audience members, it would be more effective to present both sides of the argument.The Elaboration-Likelihood model focuses on the message itself and splits this into two sections. Whether the audience focuses on the main content of the message or if they focus on other factors such as the communicator giving the message. Petty et al. called this the central and peripheral route. The central route audience members focus on the q uality of the arguments and are motivated to think about the message. It’s been suggested that this has a lasting attitude change.The peripheral route is quite the opposite as audience members are not motivated to think about the message and they focus on the peripheral tools (such as music, celebrities, colour) rather than the arguments presented. Attitude change through the peripheral route is temporary. The Hovland-Yale model has good research support for all three factors involved in the model. Morton et al. found that children had more favourable attitudes after being given information from an expert (doctor) than a parent. Lewis et al. ound that fear arousing messages were effective in the short-term, but messages containing humour were more effective in the long-term. However, Fechback et al. found that high fear level was most effective in messages which disputes McGuire’s findings. However, McGuire’s findings can also be explained another way to show su pport. If following the basis of the psychodynamic approach, messages using high fear arousal may trigger defence mechanisms such as denial or repression in audience members, suggesting moderate fear level is the most effective.Research also supports the key points of the Elaboration-Likelihood model. A psychologist supports the claim that the central route is more effective for high need-for-cognition audience members. Models have heavily relied on laboratory based research, which causes us to question the ecological validity. However, real-life application has occurred and found that when students were exposed to a fact-based or emotion-based health campaign, the higher NC individuals were more influenced by the central route (fact-based) and the lower NC were more persuaded by the peripheral route (emotion-based).Although both models are heavily supported by research, many research studies have involved students which brings problems of generalisation. Students have an age, wealt h, and education status which is not typical of the general public. In addition, experimenters have exposed participants solely to their stimuli, whereas in the real world, we are exposed to thousands of media forms everyday; thus lacking in mundane realism.

Bubonic Plague

I. Thesis Statement:The symptoms of the bubonic plague spread rapidly causing outbreaks and identifying the need for modern science to deal with epidemics. II. Topic Sentence: The bubonic plague or otherwise known as the black plague spread extremely fast and there were many symptoms of the disease. A. There are many initial symptoms and symptoms before death of the black plague. â€Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres 1. Many initial symptoms were swollen lymph nodes, delirium, high fever, sore throat, cough, constipation, and shortness of breath. The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres 2. The symptoms before death are seizures, vomiting, chills, malaise, abdominal pain, weakness, and red spots that turn black. â€Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/top ic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres B. The plague was spread by both humans and animals. â€Å"The Black Plague† The Middle Ages. 1998, Oxford New York. Oxford University Press (Hanawalt 128) 1. The plague was spread in a pneumonic form that was passed from person to person by sneezing, coughing, or talking. The Black Plague† The Middle Ages. 1998, Oxford New York. Oxford University Press (Hanawalt 128). 2. An infected rat would be bitten be a household tick that would later bite a human who would then pass it on in the pneumonic form. III. Topic Sentence: In the fourteenth century there were very few ways to control the outbreaks. A. When the plague began the ships that went to the black sea to trade with Chinese merchants were the first Europeans to get the black sea. â€Å"The Black Death: Bubonic Plague† The Middle Ages. 2006 http://www. themiddleages. net/life/blackdeath. html. Culatta, Richard 1. China was one of the world’s busiest nations and it was a matter of years before Europe and the rest of Asia caught it. â€Å"The Black Death: Bubonic Plague† The Middle Ages. 2006 http://www. themiddleages. net/life/blackdeath. html. Culatta, Richard 2. When the European merchants docked in Italy the crew was already dying of the plague within a few days the plague spread throughout the countryside. â€Å"The Black Death: Bubonic Plague† The Middle Ages. 2006 http://www. themiddleages. net/life/blackdeath. html. Culatta, Richard B. In the fourteen century people did not know how to deal with outbreaks. . When a person became infected with the Bubonic Plague the doctors tried aromatic woods, special diets, courses of bleeding, new postures for sleeping, and the rich had medicines made from gold and pearls, they fled, or prayed. â€Å"The Black Death: Bubonic Plague† The Middle Ages. 2006 http://www. themiddleages. net/life/blackdeath. html. Culatta, Richar d 2. Families of the sick rejected them or took them to the nuns and friars who tried to care for the sick but soon they too got sick. â€Å"The Black Death: Bubonic Plague† The Middle Ages. 2006 http://www. themiddleages. net/life/blackdeath. html. Culatta, Richard IV. Topic Sentence: Today scientists have new treatments and tests to deal with outbreaks of the plague. A. There are several new ways to deal with infected people. 1. When a person is diagnosed with being infected the hospital puts them in an isolation chamber and they burn all their clothes and belongings. â€Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres 2. Then they consult an infectious disease specialist who decides what to do with the infected individual. The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres B. The tests that they perform are extensive and grueling on the patient in isolation. â€Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres 1. They perform a chest radiograph, antibody titer, and an F1 antigen diagnostic test. à ¢â‚¬Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres 2. The doctors also perform an empiric antibiotic coverage, crystalloid administration, and nemodynamic monitoring. â€Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. http://www. emedicine. com/emerg/topic428. htm , Velendzas, Demetres V. The Bubonic Plague is a still ongoing problem that has many symptoms and on going outbreaks and the need for science is still needed. Works Cited â€Å"The Bubonic Plague† E medicine. 24 December 2004. , Velendzas, Demetres Culatta, Richard. â€Å"The Black Death: Bubonic Plague† The Middle Ages. 2006 . â€Å"The Black Plague† The Middle Ages. 1998, Oxford New York. Oxford University Press (Hanawalt 128).

Cottle India

Cattle should focus on rural and semi-rural areas as their mall battlefield. Situation Analysis: Strength: 1 . Cattle providing superior quality products with high reputation In the market. 2. At has a strong market position and brand Image due to Its advancement In technology and Innovation. 3. TTS toothbrush product line Is extremely competitive, which It has Invested in growing It toothbrush manufacturing capacity and Improving productivity. They product mix can be adjusted to meet demand without relying on the expensive and risky import process. 4.Only providers of the Battery operated toothbrushes, biggest advantage capture share in market in future. Weakness: 1. Director Patella did not see value in building relationship with seed distributors and small-store owners. 2. Its communication is very weak in rural areas. Opportunity: 1 . India people lack knowledge and understand about Cattle Tailor's product and its effects. 2. Its product are not more popular in rural areas and se mi urban area, so it has change to expand its business and product awareness in rural area with help of increase percentages advertising and promotions.Threats:l . Other two strong competitors (Hand-Dalton and Sardinia) have a good reputation in markets and Cattle has threats to be captured its market share. Positioning Analysis: Good positioning strategy leads good marketing strategy, and improve customer knowledge and attracts them to purchase the product. Positioning creates an image for the product based on its customers. Image can be created by UP. Product:Analysis which product(low end, mid-range and battery-operated) offers the customer value, and If not, then how to do they change their product to meet customer needs and satisfaction.

Sexual Transmitted Infection Prevention in Adolescents Essay

Sexual Transmitted Infection Prevention in Adolescents - Essay Example These could include family planning clinics, sex workers and gynecologists. STIs are very commonly found amongst most women suffering from sexual assault. Little data on men has been found. STIs put men and women especially to considerable risk. There is a huge lack of awareness and dearth of information available to these people at large. Most young women are most concerned about pregnancy prevention than STI transmission. There is a lack of concern and negligicence towards the seriousness of this matter that makes it an all the more important issue to address. STIs can lead to cancer, organ damage, pregnancy issues and even death. Thus it is important for health agencies to look into it. The definition of adolescence has been subjected to intense debate and argument over the course of last couple of years. In the 1950s it was thought that adolescent should be best considered to be the period of transitioning other literature defines it in terms of the words â€Å"young† and â€Å"youth†. However, the term young adult was also introduced recently. The treatment of adolescence has varied in different parts of the world. It is different in the west and different in the east. For instance in India, many girls have pre-arranged marriages before they hit their first menstruation. As soon as they hit get their first periods, they are married off at ages as young as 16 years. This increases the probability of STI transmission in them. On the contrary, in the west, marriage does not materialize till really long. Girls there are subjected to consummation with different people at different phases of their life. There are no ethical obligations to restricting sex to one partner. Hence, all this makes it very difficult to come up with a universal STI prevention transmission program for health agencies. There are various barriers to prevention and treatment of STIs amongst adolescents. The biggest problem associated with STI control is considered to be the as ymptomatic nature of the infections caused by STI. The infections remain invisible in many young girls in particular till some severe sequels. In some settings the proportion of infections that are rated as asymptotic may even be even higher because many women would consider them to be â€Å"normal†. The only viable way of detecting asymptomatic infections is via the use of laboratory test. In some resource poor settings, this is impeded by the fact that the tests are not just difficult to perform they are even expensive. Even more difficult is obtaining tissue samples for these tests as they are less likely to be accepted without them. The adoption of these tests is perpetually impossible in most developing countries like India. This is because they are very expensive to conduct and obtain there. More than half the population, lives below the poverty belt which makes it impossible for them to afford such tests. Another important reason behind the failure of STI transmission prevention is the fact that most adolescents don’t consider it to be an issue important enough. It is only HIV which is considered to be important by these young adult and hence, this topic is at an all time low priority for them. Adolescent girls tend to be more cautious about preventing pregnancy and their menstrual problems then about their STI problems. For the boys on the other hand, sexual health concern outride reproductive health ones. A study was recently conducted in Zimbabwe. The study unveiled

Database protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database protection - Essay Example Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such (â€Å"Agreement on Trade-Related.†). The petition filed to the WTO is basically a court hearing, with a judge, lawyers, plaintiff, and defendant. The only difference is that not all of the players in this court case are Americans, but from various countries belonging to the WTO. Whatever the judge decides, the defendant’s country, or America in this case, is left to uphold. If it was proven that the database had been accessed illegally and copies distributed, then America would enforce the penalty, ranging from prison to restitution. Most of the time restitution is the scenario. Let it be noted that only twenty-five cases of intellectual property theft has been petitioned to the WTO (â€Å"Agreement on Trade-Related.†). Another means for the database owner would be to file suit either in American federal or state court where the defendant is from. America has copyright laws for intellectual property. Because of the WTO, every WTO member must have current laws protecting intellectual property, America is no exception. By suing through the American justice system, the database owner could have an injunction placed on the product from the database immediately. American laws would also punish the hacker, if they were found guilty, by restitution or jail time. The two options above all depend on the database owner and where they live. If from a developed country like Russia or one of the European states, it is very likely justice will be done and their database will be protected. However, if from an underdeveloped country, like Cambodia or an African state the database owner will lose their property. One because their country does not have the existing WTO treaty or their country already has sanctions. Two the database owner would not have the

Feminism and the women in black movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Feminism and the women in black movement - Essay Example To fortify cohesion among women who have been alienated by guns and borders is a strong political aim and they intensely declare, "We are the group of women who stand in silence and black every week to express our disapproval against war. We have decided to see what is the women's side of this war. Women wear black in our countries to show the grief for death of the loved ones. We wear black for the death of all the victims of war. We wear black because the people have been thrown out of their homes, because women have been raped, because cities and villages have been burned and destroyed" (Women In Black, 1992, p. 50). Brief History & Description In contrast to most feminist groups, WIB clusters do not have decision-making bodies, elected officers or branches. One year after the start of the Palestinian Intifada, WIB was instigated by Israeli women going up against the Occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1988. Expanding rapidly during the Gulf War and Yugoslav wars in the 1990s, there are probably 300 WIB clusters in possibly 30 countries all over the world. A salient feature of these groups is the practice of holding vigils which entail the women to wear black and stand at regular times and intervals in public places (Cockburn, 2005). Though WIB was in the beginning committed to obtaining peace in the Middle East, other groups almost immediately remonstrated against tyranny in the Balkans and India. For these activists, their status as women provided them extraordinary power and influence when it comes to insisting for peace. At present, the Women in Black in Israel persist on their peaceful and diplomatic resistance to the occupation in partnership with the Coalition of Women for a Just Peace. These groups have been protesting against the shutting down of several Palestinian cities, contending that the barricades preclude students from attending school and pregnant women from getting into healthcare centers and or having access to healthcare services. The group likewise calls for the full participation of women in peace negotiations (Foreign Policy, 2001, p.43). During their very first public statement in Belgrade, the activists characterized themselves as an anti-nationalist, anti-militarist, feminist, pacifist group who opposes the diminution of women to the role of just mothers. "The work of women in peace groups is presupposed, it is invisible, trying, women's work; it's a part of 'our' role; to care for others, to comfort, aid, tend wounds, and feed. The painful realization that the peace movement would to some extent also follow a patriarchal model caused a serious dilemma for feminist-pacifists. We wanted our presence to be VISIBLE, not to be seen as something 'natural,' as part of a woman's role. We wanted it to be clearly understood that what we were doing was our political choice, a radical criticism of the patriarchal, militarist regime and a non-violent act of resistance to policies that destroy cities, kill people, and annihilate human relations" (Women In Black 1993, 23a). In 1997, the WIB backed up and participated in the grassroots democracy movement in Serbia. The scenario looked more hopeful for the very first time in several years. However, Slobodan Miloevic was not about to be outmaneuvered of power by democracy. He rejected to acknowledge the outcomes of the election and later on seized power again. When

Pablo Picasso as One of the Most Important Figures in Cubism Essay

Pablo Picasso as One of the Most Important Figures in Cubism - Essay Example The paper "Pablo Picasso as One of the Most Important Figures in Cubism" discover an important movement in art history and analyzes some examples of Picasso's painting. The main aim of Picasso was to depict an item as it is seen through several viewpoints independently. This made Picasso and Braque to become friends and later they developed the aspects of cubism together. Largely Picasso’s à ©poque negre, was largely inspired by the African art and this overlapped the first phase in cubism that is known as analytical cubism. It was through the Picasso’s artwork and styles that marked the beginning of abstract art. This made Picasso to reach a place of abstraction in painting that was radical break from the classical dominance of content over form. Therefore the most important aspect of cubism by place is the neglect of form in favor of content. Below is an analysis of one of Picasso’s paintings and comparison with other styles of artistic work during this period for understanding of the actual artistic work. Above is one of the most remarkable paintings of Picasso known as Les Demoiselles d’Avignon 1907. The painting represents a good sample of cubism that uses geometrical work to represent images that the painter wishes to express. The painting signaled a different direction and the painting clearly reflected the aspects of cubism of presenting contents in dimensional views as compared to form as had been the order of artistic work before. According to the VSAVCS the early cubism started from 1907 to 1909.... Largely cubism was based on intellectual experiment and structure as compared to the expression of emotions. This made it more practical to use geometrical shapes in this artistic work a high contrast to other artistic work in this period. In addition VSAVCS (2009) further elaborates that the later period of synthetic cubism lasted between 1912 and1914 and this represented colligated objects into their paintings. This represented the synthetic cubism that as described above portrayed colligated objects into their paintings. Picasso guitar sheet music glass of 1912 Incidentally, according to the 20th Century Art (n,d) the work of Picasso as portrayed above was not restricted to one of the artistic period. For example the above painting has aspects of both Renaissance and baroque properties, and yet does not fit to any of these artistic periods. Corot, Chemin de Sevres, 19th century is a good example of Renaissance artistic work. Bailey (4) argues that most of the artistic work that ar tists have been painting for several centuries either belonged to the renaissance or the Baroque period artistic work. Renaissance work was more elaborate in using light and depth and a well fitting frame that portrayed the aspect of form, where all the elements in the painting fit. Comparing the painting by Picasso with this typical Renaissance painting, the painting has light shades and fits to the frame correctly as required by the Renaissance artistic work. However, the painting has no depth and uses some forms of geometric shape that are not common with Renaissance artistic work. On the other hand, the baroque period was characterized by the use of flowing forms that use dark shapes and that are

The Significance of the Bible for Christian Theology Essay

The Significance of the Bible for Christian Theology - Essay Example There are several approaches to the authority of the Scripture, with most of them being inadequate. One theory states that every word in the Scripture is inspired by God. That is a very rigid view that leads to many mistakes and claims of Scripture being inerrant at all instances. This doctrine of the authority of Scripture receives much criticism in this modern day and ultimately turns Scripture’s authority into authoritarianism. Another approach to the Bible as to the historical source also proves to be faulty as, alongside with the benefits it yields; it also diverts the attention to factuality and separates the literary form from the meaning of the text. There is also an approach to the Bible as a literary classic. It might be beneficial to have this approach to introduce Bible to otherwise ignorant group of students, but it hardly generates deep interest in it or, what more, introduces spiritual principle to abide by. Approach to the Bible as to a private devotional text helps to have a personal application of the Scripture, but it tends to put less emphasis on the common and universal. Other theological approach to the Bible is studying it from a viewpoint of it being the â€Å"Word of God†, which also puts certain limitation. God does not have limitations, but the language always has some limitations of expression. Also, language evolves with time and words’ meaning change too, thus proving that language itself cannot be attributed to God, Who is infinite and full of possibilities. (Schneider, 1991, p. 205). Approaching the Word of God only as metaphoric expression, although it is a root and a complex metaphor, includes many meanings such as God’s symbolic self-disclosure, sharing of life and His divine self-giving (Schneider, 1991, p. 216). God has to use symbols for the metaphor. Sneider argues that even from the very ancient times God used â€Å"symbolic self-disclosure† through nature. For Israelites God’s Word became a mean of communication between them and God, and â€Å"made a highly original advance in symbolic interpret ation† by understanding â€Å"their own history as the story of the relationship between themselves and God† (Schneider, 1991, p. 215). They viewed Jesus â€Å"as full and divine revelation of God† (Schneider, 1991, p. 216). From the point of view of God’s Word being metaphoric, the Bible is a symbolic witness of the divine self-gift, and is potentially revelatory. When referring to the Word of God, the reference is usually made to the written word in the Bible, which is understood as the physical object (the book) as well as the text and the message contained therein. The Bible is considered a sacramental object, which at times, leads to distortions such as a temptation to view such objects as magic, taking it out of context or a temptation is to create an idol out it. In actuality, the Word of God is only sacramental when the biblical text is read and interpreted, and that creates the possibility of revelation (Schneider, 1991, p. 220). The Scripture is the unique and sacred book. Another author argues that Gospels tell us about nature of Scripture’s authority and means by which God exerts it, which is the word. The authority of the Scripture therefore equals to the authority of God himself. Its function is didactic - to give the knowledge about God and to lead readers and those who will

Improve Healthy Environment Zen Hair and Spa Research Paper

Improve Healthy Environment Zen Hair and Spa - Research Paper Example The concern has also been identified as a potential health hazard, especially to the attendants who are always in the shop. Objectives Application of artificial nail products is associated with environmental impacts that include emission of dust, vapor, and scent. The products use has also been associated with presence of bacteria. As a result, there is a normally developed irritation felt in the nose, throat, eyes, and the skin leading to discomfort. This has been the reason for the customers’ complaints. I therefore propose that we implement ventilation system that can improve healthy environment at the store. Planning The nature of work in a nail salon calls for measures to ensure health safety of all the people who may be exposed to the chemicals and the emissions within the shop. The environmental protection regulations therefore recommend that appropriate steps be taken in order to regulate possible contact with the used chemicals and their vapor. An exhaust system that drains vapor and dust from worktables is therefore recommended. Similarly, application of appropriate â€Å"room air cleaning devices† are required in every enterprise that operates a nail salon. A properly modeled and properly functional ventilation system is a necessity towards ensuring that people in the shop are protected from possible health hazards. EPA regulations further recommends that proper clothing be ensured while in the nail shops and that, chemical containers are tightly fixed to eliminate chances of possible infiltration of the immediate atmosphere by vapors and dusts from the chemicals. Proper cleanliness is also emphasized (EPA, P. 3-8). One of the equipments that Zen can use in order to reduce and possibly eliminate air pollutants in its workshop is â€Å"salon pure air I† (Salonpureair, p. 1). The equipment, like its alternative â€Å"Salon Pure Air II† costs about 950 dollars and has available accessories (Salonpureair, p. 1). An alternative to the salon pure air equipment is the Salon air purifier that is designed to ensure â€Å"healthy and comfortable environment† for personnel and customers in a nail salon. The salon air purifier is highly regarded for it quality services and is a favorite among magazine readers. It costs about 850 dollars and it is portable besides its capacity to operate without breaks. It efficiently filters out â€Å"nail dust, hair clippings, pollens, bacteria, mold spores, and other airborne dust debris† besides eliminating chemical fumes and smells during salon services (Aerovex, p. 1). Sunflower II is another air cleaner option that is available at only 218 dollars (Aerovex1, p. 1). The organization should therefore purchase and install one of these equipments to facilitate cleanliness and health safety in its shop. Due to product standardization, these equipments can be obtained from any reliable supplier. Aerovex systems company is particularly reliable due to its establishm ent, pricing and after sales services. Zen should therefore purchase Salon Air purifier. This is because while the equipment, being sold at 850 dollars, is less expensive as compared to Salon Pure air, its operational features such as portability, filtration and elimination of vapors are efficient in maintaining health safety in the salon (Aerovex1, p. 1). Responsibilities The nature and impacts

The phenomenon of global jihad will cease with the elimination of Essay

The phenomenon of global jihad will cease with the elimination of Al-Qaeda. Discuss - Essay Example This is a possible act and one that shall bring in a great deal of tolerance and reason within the different affairs of the world. What is required now is a concerted effort to set things right and avoid the talk of global jihad because it is based on mere falsification and nothing else. This paper shall discuss the very reasons why Al-Qaeda has been instrumental at creating severe problems for the different regions of the world and what possible ideological claims could be made to thwart the essence of global jihad which has meant nothing else but tyranny for the 7 billion people in this world. Global jihad’s basis comes from the discussion of understanding that it is something which will create animosity within the people because there are fanatics and extremists which believe in the dictum of Al-Qaeda nonetheless. They are of the view that Al-Qaeda is a force to reckon with and that it has been playing a good role at instilling positive vibes about the Muslim religion in th e world, which is a thinking that is based on no grounds at all. Al-Qaeda has produced leaders like Osama bin Laden, Mullah Omar and others who are the source of tension and terror within the minds and hearts of the people. When the extremists think about jihad, they believe that these so-called leaders are their messiahs, which is not the case at all. However making these extremists understand the reality seems to be a very difficult task because they have been brainwashed at a very young age, and thus lack the skills to think on their own and analyze things which are important and make reason to them. If Al-Qaeda is disbanded today and the extremist leaders are caught either alive or dead, this issue will cease to exist in a very quick way. This is the reason why the allied forces are bent upon doing their best to exert the best possible force to stamp their authority and rid the world of the nuisance that exists with the name of Al-Qaeda. The Talibans who are the people that unde rstand the philosophy that terror can win them anything in this world, and that if they do their best, they can attain any heights only if they have the Muslim philosophy in their hands. The element of terrorism seems to be the only main highlight for their related understanding levels, which is a shame at the end of the day. What the Al-Qaeda and Taliban supporters should comprehend is the fact that the world has all forms and types of people living within its folds, and thinking of these people as the followers of the religion of Islam, and that too which is not accepted by these extremists yet coined in their own peculiar way is madness to the maximum possible levels (Rid 2010). There must be a definitive definition of what extremism is and what it does not entail, because this seems to be a significant factor when one comprehends the good and the bad, and the right and the wrong. It shall bring in the debate of global jihad within the fray and put an end to the discussions that center on the premise of bringing a change which is for the entire world, as the extremists dictate through their actions and terror activities. Al-Qaeda has to come to an end to bring about a change, which is there for the benefit of all and sundry, and which shall bring in a lot of incentives

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Counterproductive Work Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Counterproductive Work Behaviour Essay Organisational behaviour is the study of human behaviour in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organisation, and organisation itself (Dubrin 2002, p. 2). In most of the organisational behaviour literature review, the following five types of behaviours are often highlighted- task performance, organisational citizenship, counterproductive work behaviours, joining and staying with the organisation and work attendance (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione, 2009). These individual-level dependent variables are present in most OB research which has a significant impact on the effectiveness of organisations. In my following essay, I will be highlighting on two of the above factors-mainly Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) and Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB). I will be discussing on how various authors agree that different personalities and positive affectivity levels contributes to the emergence of OCB and that how different authors view the stand of considering all OCB as voluntary acts based on own accord. In addition, I will also be discussing the issue in which a consensus has been reached by most authors that job dissatisfaction is one contributing factor of CWB and that CWB, being defined as harmful in nature, has been challenged by some authors to be a justifiable act. OCB Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) has been defined as individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization (Organ, cited in Vigoda-Gadot, 2006, p. 3) or as individual behavior that promotes the goals of the organization by contributing to its social and psychological environment (Organ; Rotundo Sackett, cited in Vigoda-Gadot, 2006, p. 3). Personality and Positive Affectivity Personality refers to the enduring, inner characteristics of individuals that organise their behaviour (Derlega et al, cited in Rothmann Cooper, 2008, p. 24) and personality traits predict what a person will do as opposed to what he or she can do (Rothmann Cooper 2008, p. 24). As such, it is agreed that citizenship performance is well predicted by personality variables (Penner, Allen, Motowidlo, 2001; Hurtz Donovan, cited in Barrick Ryan 2003). It is also stated that differences in citizenship performance by the employees are clearly tied to the differences in their personalities and attitudes (Landy Conte 2004) and feelings about their work, also known as affects (Lee Allen 2002). I came across this survey done by (Bierhoff, Klein Kramp, ed. Murphy 1996) in which ‘first aiders’ who rushed to the aid of the accident victims almost immediately scored lower on a measure of egocentrism- the absorption with one self’s lives and family. They also scored higher on a measure of empathy in which they expressed a greater level of concern for others (ed. Murphy 1996). From the above results, I feel that various personality factors do influence the tendency of one to render help to others thereby performing citizenship performance which benefits the organisation as a whole. In addition to the above, I have learnt that the higher the level of positive affect, the higher the level of willingness to help is in individuals (ed. Murphy 1996). Besides the helping behaviour, I have also learnt that maintaining a positive mood in the course of our work may also inadvertently lead us to performing extra role behaviours (e.g.: protecting the organisation and developing oneself in terms of upgrading one’s skills to the benefit of the organisation) (George and Brief, cited in Lee Allen, 2002). To my surprise, I found that positive affect is not just influenced on a personal level but also due to external environmental factors. These include the differences in shades of lightings at our workplaces (Baron et al, cited in ed. Murphy 1996) and even presence of pleasant smelling artificial fragrances in our workplaces (Baron Bronfen 1994, cited in ed. Murphy 1996). Performed based on free will? Most of the recent studies and researches on OCB have pointed out that it is based on voluntary helping behaviours. However, (Vigoda-Gadot E 2006, p. 1 ) pointed out on focusing on the exploitative and abusive tendency of supervisors and managements to impose so-called ‘‘voluntary’’ or ‘‘extra-role† activities via compulsory mechanisms in the workplace, thereby refuting the conventional definition of OCB being performed based on ‘good will’ and free choice. In fact, some of these behaviours categorised under OCB may well be categorised under Compulsory Citizenship Behavior (CCB) (Vigoda-Gadot 2006, p. 1). By reviewing the Expectancy Theory (Griffin Ebert 2005, p. 246) in which people are motivated to work towards rewards that they want and that they believe they have a reasonable chance or expectancy of obtaining it in mind, I have actually agreed with the view that there is much possibility that OCB can also arise from other motives, some of them less voluntary or less self-initiated. Among these motivations are the abusive and exploitative behavior of immediate supervisors and the pressure by management or peers to become involved in activities in which the employee would otherwise not involve himself (Tepper, cited in Vigoda-Gadot 2006, p. 3). CWB Counterproductive Work Behaviours (CWB) is defined as voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organisation (McShane, Olekalns Travaglione T, 2009, p. 18). Job Dissatisfaction Job dissatisfaction is defined as a set of unfavourable feelings and emotions with which employees view their work (Newstrom Davis 1997, p. 255). It seems that authors have a consensus on job dissatisfaction contributing to the emergence and high levels of CWB. It is stated that dissatisfied employees may engage in psychological withdrawal (e.g.: daydreaming during job), physical withdrawal (eg: unauthorized absence, early departures, extended breaks, work slowdowns) or even overt acts of aggression and retaliation for presumed wrong. There are many factors influencing job dissatisfaction which includes organisational factors like pay and promotion opportunities and the working condition itself. Group factors like the role of supervisor and co-workers; personal factors like needs and aspiration and how are these met, and how individuals views he instrumental benefits of the job also contributes to job dissatisfaction( Rothmann Cooper 2008, p. 24). Though I am in agreement that job dissatisfaction is a strong contributor to the performance of CWB, I feel that CWB may also be induced by other factors like accumulated work stress leading to the emergence of violence which is one form of CWB. Similarly, theft cases in the company, which is another form of CWB, may just be a personal justification of the employees due to a perception of lost equity in the course of their work (Newstrom Davis 1997). Justifiable Act Various authors held on to their individual stands regarding the topic on CWB. In most of my readings, authors agreed that CWB are actually harmful acts towards either individuals or towards the organisation itself. However, (Fox 2002) had presented a different point of view discussing the view that CWB may could well be a justifiable act which is clearly challenging the most conventional definition of CWB which is being negative in nature. (Fox 2002, p. 2) expanded the definition of CWB to include unintentional harm, as long as the act itself is volitional- an act which is motivated by other reasons to cause harm. Hence with this expanded definition, it raises the possibility of constructive CWB. In their article, they have considered on 3 categories of arguments which are moral issues, role conflicts and productivity arguments. I personally feel strongly for the argument on role conflicts. Many of the withdrawal behaviours may be seen as counterproductive in the perspective of managers or even organisations. However, these behaviours shown may be required to be fulfilled by the employees in the perspectives of their family and even the community. Putting in simpler terms, employees may be expected by the society to perform these behaviours so as to be able to strike a work-life balance. Hence, I feel that CWB should not be seen as just a negative behaviour which is purely deviant from an organisation’s objectives as I strongly feel for the presence of positive CWB. Key Findings In this modern age, to adapt and survive in a workplace, other than equipping oneself with the generic skill of problem solving, it is also vital to place great importance on understanding fellow colleagues as this will lead to self knowledge and self insight (Dubrin 2002, p. 4). By understanding what motivates others to perform OCB through the study of organisational behaviour, it will also in turn allow employees to gain an understanding on what motivates them to have similar behaviours. Inadvertently, this may bring them to a greater level of job satisfaction which also leads to greater organisational effectiveness as a whole. In addition, studying organisational behaviours enhances a professional or manager’s effectiveness relating to their interpersonal skills. Hence, if solid interpersonal skills are added on to one’s professional or managerial knowledge, it will certainly be a bonus towards an organisation’s overall service and productivity. Hence, information about organisational behaviours is vital to be known to the employees in organisations. Reflection If I were given a chance to assume the role of manager in an organisation, the notion of having OCB being induced by compulsion as mentioned earlier on will certainly be omitted by me as I feel that though it is an important goal of managers everywhere to make employees aware of the benefits of OCB and ideally, encourage it, it is far more important to conduct it through a legitimate way and not by other means such as abusive or exploitative activities. In this way, I believe conventional OCB will indeed be truly promoted as the employees will be serving and going the extra mile for the organisation in the most genuine way as I agree with the view that a person who engages in OCB might receive appreciation and recognition that induce positive moods and there will be a greater likelihood of repeating the OCB (Miles et al, cited in Zirgham 2009, p. 85) which will greatly benefit the organisation. A discrepancy often exists among managers and employees about the definition of certain work tasks being â€Å"in-role† or â€Å"extra-role†. Each behaviour may be different for different people as every employee in an organization perceives job requirements differently (e.g.: for service sectors), helping others may be a routine, but some may see it as beyond their job scope. By acknowledging this in the position of an employee, I will be able to anticipate this possible occurrence of conflict between managers and employees and thus, expand the boundaries for the definition of my job scope. In this way, I believe that my chances of managerial exploitation and workplace abuse by supervisors to perform compulsive OCB will be reduced to the minimum. Conclusion OCB is a stable behaviour emerging in workplaces and it will always act as a value adding criterion in one’s performance. However, it will only act as a value adding criterion only when it is performed through the free choice of employees and not by coercion means and negative external pressures. Thus, we have to be aware and alert so as to preserve the original positive results of OCB being performed, leading to a more successful and healthy establishment of an organisation. CWB is always seen as a conduct having an adverse relationship with OCB. However, as the saying goes- there are always two sides to the same coin; we should probably broaden our perspectives in our view towards CWB and accept the notion that CWB may not be necessary all detrimental in nature.

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

Report on Consumer Behavior of Soft Drinks Essay Need for the study With the economic liberalization in India a number of global companies have been coming forward to invest in India and tapping perhaps and worlds biggest growing market. As the floodgates have been opened up for Multinational Companies, the global giant Coca-cola also decided to make an entry into the Indian market. In India, the per capita consumption of soft drinks is at rock bottom level even less than our neighboring countries Pakistan and Bangladesh, where it is four times as much. The last summer was particularly sweltering one, with temperatures hitting the high 40s in some places yet; bottles were disappearing from shelves faster than they could be replaced. In the peak season, they found themselves short of capacity and having to turn around their trucks faster and faster to slake the greater Indian thirst. With growth rates zooming into the double digits, bottlers have been propelled into expanding capacities. With their big-time plans, the multinationals have changed the face of this business, long dominated by small-time businessmen. If demand continues to increase annually at an average of 20 percent, then volumes could reach one billion cases within ten years. 4 These arc ambitious targets and to reach them the cola makers will have to build capacity, infrastructure, make their bottlers more available and more affordable. There are 5. 00,000 retailers stocking soft drinks in India. Also, soft drinks which retail at any where between Rs. 9. 00 and Rs. 12. 00 are expensive when measured against purchasing power. As they concoct their strategies, keeping an eye on each other all the time, ultimately theres only one guy they have to watch out for, who will determine their fortunes: the consumer. The real race to quench his thirst has just begun 5 Objectives of the studyTo study about the consumer preference with regard to soft drink To study about the consumer perception with regard Coca — Cola To understand the Promotional Strategies To find out the medium which is most effective in reaching the consumers? 6 Research methodology Data will be collected from a sample size 1000 and distributed over different areas by using simple Random Sampling. Random Sampling consists of 1. Demographic Segmentation 2. Sociocultural Segmentation 3. Use-Related Segmentation 4. Use-Situation Segmentation Analysis 1. Data Analysis is done both qualitatively and quantitatively. 2. The analysis is presented pictographically using bar graphs The period of the study is past one year 7 Scope of the study The new economic policies of the Govt. of India adopted in the mid eighties were given further impetus by the early nineties. The Indian market has undergone considerable changed as a direct consequence of many of these policies and soft drink industry is no exception to this. Keeping the above mentioned perspective in the background, the researcher has selected soft drink market, since the marketing task his became more challenging and intensive competition has opened up new vistas. Companies are evolving marketing strategies by studying the demands of the market place increasingly penetrating into appropriate market segments introducing differentiated products to improve their market share. The soft drink market has achieved an accelerated growth in the past decade. Soft drinks include ail types of non alcohol carbonated flavored or otherwise sweetened beverages. The entry of Pepsi and the reentry of Coca Cola in the India market arc inevitably facing stiff competition but the ultimate winner is customer/consumer. This has led the researcher to study me perception of consumers towards different brands of soft drinks and to gauge out the 8 promotional strategic being adopted by the marketers to lure promiscuous buyers and win a larger share in the markets.

Classical hollywood systems

Classical hollywood systems ABSTRACT: The main objective of this course work is to provide various similarities and differences in the classical Hollywood systems. The classical version of the Hollywood studio systems are roughly between 1910 and 1960. Though its the longest period to evaluate, the films between 1930 and 1949 are considered. There are huge number of studios are present in the Hollywood cinema where only few studios exist from the beginning. The two major film studios are UNIVERSAL STUDIOS and WARNER BROTHERS. In this project, these 2 studios are analyzed in detail. In particular their studio systems, similarities and differences in their style of film making. WARNER BROTHERS: Warner bros studios were found by four brothers harry warner, Albert warner, Sam warner and jack warner. The four brothers were Jews emigrated from Poland. They started the business by having a own projector. The projector was used for the exhibition business. The first theater was opened in Pennsylvania in 1903. In the initial stage, they begin to produce some ordinary movies to bag success. Getting successful response from the people warner brothers started thinking differently with sound, color and style. The movies produced before are soundless motion pictures. This sound movies was the idea gave by the youngest Sam warner. Initially the request was not been accepted by harry. But to produce movie at different area, the request was acknowledged. Screen play was the division which was concentrated more by the warner brothers. Their ultimate goal was to explicate the art of screenplay in classical Hollywood cinema. Warner brothers divided the studio system into various tasks such as directing, sound, cinematography, art direction, story acquisition and editing. The screenplay was further divided into discrete tasks such as synopsis, treatment continuing, shooting script conclusion. These categories are evenly distributed among three writers while a writer can easily concentrate on a particular field. 1930 to 1950 is the golden period for warner brothers. Because they categorized the motion pictures into various genres. Such as Crime Gangster Horror-detective-murder Comedy Womens films Western Musical War Social drama Prestige movies. To illustrate important variations in narrative form each and every category was chosen. The gangster movies were produced based on the social problems. The myth of success was the first influence defined America as an open classless society. The second influence was the boss politics and the third influence was prohibition. Some example for the successful gangster movies are 1931-Little Caesar 1931-Public enemy 1932- Scarface 1933- Blondie Johnson. Considering the first category, James Cagney dominated the genre during 1930s. In the second category dark streets, bars, clubs, penthouse apartments and some stations are shown as a genres vital part. The third category shows the gangster as a modern city man and holds most of the parts on his own. The myth of the G-Man is the movie which enforces the stiffer production code. This major turn back is considered to be the second cycle of gangster pictures. In 1936, bullets or ballots shows the same gangster movie but shown in a different context such as the hero joins the gang and works as an undercover and destroys the gang. As far as social dramas, the black fury was the first movie which has been released in the year 1935. This movie reveals the dramatized labor and industrial unrest. Basically social dramas fells into three categories. They are social consciousness, yellow journalism and working mens movies. The social dramas as a production strategy was eclipsed by problems of greater concern during the 1940s as America entered World War II. The next genre is musical movies. Warner brothers produced all kind of movies in a certain time span. The first musical movie was produced in 1926. Jazz singer was the first musical movie which was directed by Alan Crosland. In 1928, the singing fool was created by warner brothers. As a variation of the gangsters genre, warner brothers potentially find a perfect formula as crime movies. Warner uses the same stars as gangster movies as well as crime movies. Among crime movies, prison pictures are very popular. The first groups of prison movies were produced during 1930s and 1933s. The second group of crime movies in 1936. Alcatraz Island in a movie with more action sequences and was a good tough movie. The next important genre was war movies in which warner brothers concentrated more because of spirit. From 1915 to 1970 warner brothers created more and more war movies which virtually shows the American fighting as determined, brave and successful. After the first world war, the war genre enters the outbreak of hostilities in Europe. These movies depicts Tolerance to intolerance Progressivism to reaction Pacifism to militarism. During the interval between the two world wars, warner started producing patriotic movies with admiration. UNIVERSAL STUDIOS: The toughest competition for warner brothers during their production is universal studios. Universal pictures concentrated on a very few genre movies such as Womens movies Detective movies Horror movies Western movies. Though womens movies are consigned to a very minor status and not all the studios took risk in producing such movies. This genre movies was mostly produced between 1935 and 1950. These years gave more womens movies in which all credit goes to universal studios. The womens films antecedents are found at melodrama and these genres were not developed until 1920s. The genre appeared to be different in various studios. In 1940, universal studios decide to develop some noir womens film. This second phase was considered to be an amalgamation of the personal taste of universal pictures. Some elements sustains womens films. They are Flashback sequences Cynical themes Voice over narration Realistic action Lighting techniques and Expressionistic camera. Universal studios now have the thought about horror movies. Dracula and Frankenstein were the movies which attains a greater success during thirties. Then the company begins to unleash the mummies and werewolves. These horror movies begin to haunt the people. This encourages directors and the universal studio to create various monsters based movies with completely different thought. Mystery of the wax museum was a sequel and it is a modern horror film. During these productions, some original stories are planned to make as a movie. These kind of plans gave some good movies to Hollywood cinema which are even perfect in the present technical world. During the thirties, detective movies did some good service to not only film producers and the audiences as well. Sherlock Holmes did the job to universal pictures whereas the thin man series for MGM. Sherlock Holmes becomes a model for all directors for making a detective movie. Aiming at juvenile audiences, universal pictures produces a lot of Nancy drew and torchy blane movies. Nearly nine movies were represented by torchy blane who stars with Glenda Farrell. On the other hand, the Nancy drew series were starred by Bonita Granville which was adopted from a novel of Carolyn Keene. There are four movies in this series and all were directed by the same person William Clemens. Murder movies are the next front line genre which attains success because of the thrilling and mystery sequences present in the movie. Western movies are the most richest and enduring genre in Hollywood. It consists of a heroic story with some visual elements and narrative formats. The only genre whose life span is long is the western movies. Even though the genre face a strong set back due to the lack of technical factors. SIMILARITIES: We have discussed about various genres and movies in the previous sections. Those films are produced in two different studios and they possess different qualities. Now let us discuss the common factors that these studios possess and how these factors made them common. Filmmakers developed formal methods that made shooting relatively quick and easy: Shoot whatever scenes are most economical to shoot at a given time (shoot out of Sequence when necessary) Cover any given sequence from as many different angles as possible and with multiple Takes of each angle to give the producer and editor a lot of material to choose from Edit the material to create linear continuity, cut on movement, and keep eyeliners matched (Maintaining the direction a person is gazing from one shot to another). Among various genres, both universal studios and warner brothers pictures use some common genre movies. War, musical, women, western, horror is some of the common genres. Cross cutting is a vital device used for continuity style. This technique was used by both the studios. The main objective of this technique is to increase the tension during narration. Meanwhile is a simple narrative technique which is literary equivalent to cross cutting. The cross cutting technique used for the story line at the time of introducing two leading characters in a movie and intriguing way. The next common aspect is point of view shot. In this technique, editing is important device used by filmmakers to create good audience identification with the film characters. It replaces the audience in place of main character in the movie. This technique is common for the horror genre in which the director often places the viewer within the viewing position of the monster. The next similarity will be cinematography. The key feature in this technique is three point lighting. These classical studios are the good example of three point lighting. In order to light the subject, key, fill and back lights are used. Three point lighting scheme is the commonly used lighting scheme and it helps us to enable and understand how lighting gives good effect on ones perception of a character. The key light is used as a common source of illumination. Even though another light will be needed. So in order to cover the areas of darkness and to soften the shadows, the key light contains cast. It is called as fill light which is a secondary source. The combination of key and fill light should be supplemented further. The back light which is the third source provides necessary depth and placed above and behind the subject. High key and low key lighting are the common divisions of the lighting techniques. These are some similarities between the two studios. DIFFERENCES: The two studios namely warner brothers and universal pictures had some similarities. But they possess some differences too. Some common differences are Setting Props Costume, Hair and Make-Up Movement, Positioning and Performance Lighting and Cinematography. Settings are mostly backgrounds but they are integral to atmosphere creation and narration building in a movie. In some rare cases, a location or building can be considered as a character in the movie itself. Props are the objects which can be viewed within the movie world. it also forms some integral part in the action of the film. It also carries some symbolic meaning. Costume and makeup plays a vital role in a scene because it can provide immediate sense and their status in the movie. They also give an instant idea of what period that the film is set. Movement, performance and positioning of characters within a frame is important for both characterization and narration in a film. Positioning can be utilized as an indicator for people relationships. Performance includes the expression coming from the actors face and body language. The feelings and emotions can be identified through performance. These are some common factors that these film makers differs in their way and let us see some more technical factors in which they differ while making movie. Camera framing: There are 3 key areas in camera framing. They are shot type, camera positioning and camera angle. Shot type refers to the positioning and distance between the camera and its subject. Camera positioning indicates the presence of the camera. High angle and low angle are the two camera angles. Camera movement: panning, crane, tilting, zooming and tracking are the divisions in camera movement. In panning, cameras move from side to side. Crane is used for lifting cameras which will be mounted on it. Tilting makes camera move up and down from fixed axis. These are the key areas in which both the studios differs in film making. CONCLUSION: After discussing about various factors, it is clear that not all the aspects are same for all the studios. Warner brothers involved in many film productions in different genres. But the universal studios produce few genre movies. This essay clearly gives the information about the key principles in film making and their efforts to bring their thoughts to screen. Later on, we discussed about the similar facts that these two studios possess. There is some technical differences in implementing them. REFERENCES: http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:ySBtrN746HQJ:www.digitalfilmarchive.net/clda/moving_image_arts/film_lesson_plans/documents/ALLlessonplans.pdf+classic+hollywood+cinema+stylehl=engl=ukpid=blsrcid=ADGEESjPLijkM8_RBqQ3o0l7ZexF-Rq7DNB1dhjvn37r0ijZPrIS7rDvR1ljfjXEb9CDnHfZXo4bE8MqmUEj9Ivk6b-yaV-Y2YnQuVm_CXNQRiB-ALlq9FwyIPdC-qS4CaJPHVh2Cj7msig=AHIEtbSCneArhSdp0RNFHyFA0YZt9B8Kqg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios http://microformguides.gale.com/Data/Introductions/20560FM.htm http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Criticism-Ideology/Genre-THE-CLASSIC-STUDIO-SYSTEM.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema http://www.fathom.com/course/10701053/index.html http://screen.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/27/6/74 http://www.uoregon.edu/~jlesage/Juliafolder/CLASSICALNARRATION.HTML http://knol.google.com/k/classical-hollywood-cinema-film-style-analysis-of-the-crowd# http://www.umsl.edu/~gradyf/film/classhollnarr.htm

Woman Warrior Essay -- essays research papers

A Warrior’s Triumph   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Woman Warrior by Maxine Hong Kingston presents the story of a girl trapped between the cultures of her surrounding environment and that which her mother and family have forced upon her. Knowing only the Chinese way of life, this girl’s mother attempts to familiarize her daughter, whom is also the narrator, with the history of their family. The mother shares this heritage through the use of stories in hopes the narrator will be prepared for her ultimate return to China, which is a life completely foreign to her own. Through these stories and the strong influence of the surrounding American culture, the narrator’s life and imagination spin off in a new direction. She is confronted by many obstacles, which cause problems with not only her mother, but also with her attempt to discover her personal identity. Although the narrator’s assimilation to the American culture causes numerous conflicts with her mother, she is able to overcome adversity and come of age as a Chinese-American with the help of her mother’s stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Kingston’s first story, â€Å"No Name Woman,† the reader is first introduced to the stories of the narrator’s mother. This particular tale involves an aunt that the narrator never knew, who was shunned from her family for having an affair. It was through this story that the narrator learned how careful a young woman must be when growing up in the Chinese culture. Years after hearing of her aunt’s misfortune, the narrator realizes that she has carried on this ostracism and is equally as guilty as the others who participated in this punishment of silence. However, the narrator feels an intense connection with the outcast of her family. â€Å"My aunt haunts me—her ghost drawn to me because now, after fifty years of neglect, I alone devote pages of paper to her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (16). Perhaps the narrator feels this bond because she herself feels completely alienated from the family and could never be fully connected to her Chinese h eritage. Although she is angry for the terrible punishment inflicted on her aunt, she feels remorse for â€Å"telling on her† (16). This shows that the narrator does not only disapprove of the Chinese culture, but also feels sorry for those who must suffer in an eternity of exile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"White Tigers† brings readers into the creative imaginatio... ... seems to plague the narrator endlessly. She knows she can never break away from one culture without having to completely abandon the other. In the end, however, she realizes that she must leave home if she is ever to discover her purpose in the world, be it in China or America. The harsh criticisms and endless disapproval causes detrimental effects to the narrator, while at the same time giving her strength to overcome this lifelong struggle by facing her mother. Although the stories of her mother’s Chinese experiences and the insistence on her daughter living there push the narrator further away, it eventually causes an interest to discover what is really true. â€Å"Soon I want to go to China and find out who’s lying†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (205). Though some can constantly feel sorry for the narrator, we can also feel sorry for her mother not knowing any better. This is what ultimately caused the nonexistent relationship between the two. Through this complicated life, th e narrator gained the strength, intelligence, and experience that allowed her to overcome numerous obstacles. Contrary to the belief of some, I feel she has her mother to thank for these gains, and that may have made all the difference.

Dantes Inferno :: essays research papers

The Divine Comedy was a key element to the development of European literature. By writing the epic style poem in the vernacular, he enabled all people of general literacy (ie, the commoner) with the liberty to read his work of art. This was such a landmark event because scholars of the past had always written in Latin including two of the most influential people in his life, the epic poets Virgil and Homer. Latin was the language of the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church therefore no one ever thought Dante’s use of the vernacular was capable of such poetic expression. From a mere literal perspective, The Divine Comedy can then be viewed as a pioneer in the defiance of Catholicism. Through the mere title â€Å"The Divine Comedy†, one can further unearth many significant aspects of the poem. A true comedy refers to two classical modes of composition. The tragedy was the first of these styles where the plot flowed from a high and pleasant beginning to an extremely low and destructive conclusion. The second technique is a classic comedy where the plot elevates from depressing beginning to an elevated and triumphant ending. In canto 1 it describes the 1st part of the journey vividly crossing the mtn. He keeps falling and cant quite make it. When the book ends Dante has surpassed a great deal and had learned a lot from his journey.Dante’s work is not solely dependent on either of the two styles rather it incorporates aspects of both approaches. The plot of The Inferno mirrors a classic comedy for it progresses from the horrors of Hell to the joys of Heaven, nevertheless it is constantly presenting the reader with individual situations of tragedy. EX-alive b4 jesus(virgil,limbo),suicides†¦those who are good, gays. The Divine Comedy is a truly universal work for it deals with the most significant question of humanity, the existence of an afterlife and the consequences of our lives on Earth. His convo w Virgil, Dante asks why we are here. this Dante was so confident in his abilities as a poet that he attempted to answer such questions through the voice of the vernacular.

Autistic Savants Essay -- essays papers

â€Å"Autistic Savants† Autism is a biological disorder that affects a child’s motor and social skills. These children cannot work in social settings like school and so many of them feel left out not because they are different, but because they don’t know how to interact with others. It seems that everyone knows about autism very well; however, there are some children who are autistic yet they have a very special ability in one area. These children are called autistic savants. Autistic savants are individuals with an amazing skill or ability that most people do not have. There is an estimated prevalence that 10% of savant abilities are in autism. Children with autism have savant abilities, which mean they excel in certain areas like music, art, and mathematics. Leslie is an extraordinary person who happens to have a couple of handicaps such as: blindness, autism, and cerebral palsy. Though he has these three handicaps, which is not a good combination at all, he is still very happy. Leslie has gone through many different things; for instance, his blindness happened at birth when the doctors noticed that his eyes were not open and had to remove them both when he was 6 months old. Although Leslie was put up for adoption at birth he did not think that his foster mother, May Lemke, was not his real mother, though she cared for him as much as she did her own children. One night, when Leslie was about 14 years old May was watching â€Å"Sincerely Yours.† The program featured- Tchailovsky’s Piano concerto No. 1 in the middle of the night May heard some noise downstairs and went to investigate. Leslie was playing on the piano Tchailovsky’s Piano concerto No. 1. Leslie just played by ear. When he was 22 years old Leslie gave his first per... ...al abilities, they can process the square root of 12034 in a matter of seconds; however, simple mathematics are very difficult for them to understand. No one really knows how they can process such high numbers, but some say that it is just too simple and easy to figure out that they don’t understand. There seems to be many people that are autistic savants or just have savant abilities. Many researchers have theories of why some autistic individuals have savant abilities. Dr. Rimland, Mark Rimland father, has a theory that these individuals have incredible concentration abilities and focus their complete attention on a specific area of their interest. It does not seem that Dr. Rimland is able to prove his theory, so we will never really understand how individuals have savant abilities. It seems that the most common type of autistic savants is mathematical abilities Autistic Savants Essay -- essays papers â€Å"Autistic Savants† Autism is a biological disorder that affects a child’s motor and social skills. These children cannot work in social settings like school and so many of them feel left out not because they are different, but because they don’t know how to interact with others. It seems that everyone knows about autism very well; however, there are some children who are autistic yet they have a very special ability in one area. These children are called autistic savants. Autistic savants are individuals with an amazing skill or ability that most people do not have. There is an estimated prevalence that 10% of savant abilities are in autism. Children with autism have savant abilities, which mean they excel in certain areas like music, art, and mathematics. Leslie is an extraordinary person who happens to have a couple of handicaps such as: blindness, autism, and cerebral palsy. Though he has these three handicaps, which is not a good combination at all, he is still very happy. Leslie has gone through many different things; for instance, his blindness happened at birth when the doctors noticed that his eyes were not open and had to remove them both when he was 6 months old. Although Leslie was put up for adoption at birth he did not think that his foster mother, May Lemke, was not his real mother, though she cared for him as much as she did her own children. One night, when Leslie was about 14 years old May was watching â€Å"Sincerely Yours.† The program featured- Tchailovsky’s Piano concerto No. 1 in the middle of the night May heard some noise downstairs and went to investigate. Leslie was playing on the piano Tchailovsky’s Piano concerto No. 1. Leslie just played by ear. When he was 22 years old Leslie gave his first per... ...al abilities, they can process the square root of 12034 in a matter of seconds; however, simple mathematics are very difficult for them to understand. No one really knows how they can process such high numbers, but some say that it is just too simple and easy to figure out that they don’t understand. There seems to be many people that are autistic savants or just have savant abilities. Many researchers have theories of why some autistic individuals have savant abilities. Dr. Rimland, Mark Rimland father, has a theory that these individuals have incredible concentration abilities and focus their complete attention on a specific area of their interest. It does not seem that Dr. Rimland is able to prove his theory, so we will never really understand how individuals have savant abilities. It seems that the most common type of autistic savants is mathematical abilities

“A Different Mirror” by author Ronald Takaki Essay

In the book, â€Å"A Different Mirror† by author Ronald Takaki is an interesting chapter by the title of â€Å"The Promised Land† where I will discuss the pros and cons that African Americans must face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The years 1910-1920 we learn about migration of African Americans as they head toward complete freedom. During the movement of the population, there was a spreading out of this race across the nation and a negative effect from this movement would be the huge scattering of the African American race. Families were separated more than they had ever been before with many migrating to the west coast. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A positive effect from this migration would be that the African Americans could gain better employment and had a broader range of opportunities due to the migrations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As this group moved to other areas they did encounter violence by gangs and resistance from the white population. Communities began changing as the African American race moved in, while the Caucasian race weren’t comfortable with this new migration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The African American group began gaining more control as they started their own groups ran by their own race. This was good for the Negro population as they were able to voice their own concerns to the public and feel as they had room to grow in society. The Negros had a new sense of who they were and a new sense of identity while white liberals and the new Negro movement began to grow in the Arts and Entertainment industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Depression showed a decline in Harlem’s population as the African American population continued to migrate as they searched for employment. There was much discrimination for Negroes but on the positive side, there were many positive changes for the population as there were labor and union changes concerning this group.   There was more WPA support, along with the help from the Democratic Party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discrimination was always evident which held a negative impact for the African Americans but with the support from men such as W.E.B. Dubois, there was more leadership for this group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   African Americans were learning everyday about who they were, where they were going and who they wanted to be. Although, the negative impacts from the white race was always evident, the African American population pushed ahead, moved to better places where they could gain employment and move up in society as they worked toward better living arrangements and more acceptance from all Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Working harder made all gains more appreciated, while the African Americans worked toward gaining complete freedom and acceptance. More and more leaders stood up and empowered the Negro population which gave them more confidence as they migrated across America, searching for a better way of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   African Americans were more concerned about their rights in the workplace and in schools as better opportunities presented themselves. This group grew stronger which was a positive effect while still on the negative side, they always felt less worthy than other groups in America.   

Public School vs. Private School Essay

Are there any sentences that could be revised or restated? or anything that can make this sound a bit better? never mind the grammar and spelling. There are many reasons private schools are academically superior to public schools. There are vast differences between both public and private schools. Public school is controlled by the government. Public schools don’t charge tuition and accepts all children by law. They are financed through the federal, state and local taxes; functioning as part of the government and must adhere to the regulations by politicians. Thus, they can be greatly influenced by the political winds. Private schools are not administered by the government and are operated by private individuals. Unlike public school, they operate on student’s tuition and have different admissions requirements. Private schools accept students according to its academic standards but, generally private school students meet or exceed the standards of public school students . However, there are many advantages and disadvantages of both types of schools. Among the benefits of private school, private schools students generally have smaller class sizes and a lower student to teacher ratio. Children wil have more individualized attention and will allow more opportunities for access to instructors. Students would have better performance and brighter children can be challenged by harder lessons. They usually have more challenging curriculum. Students are also motivated to have better performance because private schooling requires tuition. Private schools also have more events and activities due to their small school sizes. Parents would have more opportunities to get involved with their children’s education. Private school students can benefit from the flexible teacher methods. Private school aren’t as tailored in rules as public schools. So, lesson teaching methods can vary greatly. Another aspect of private schools superiority is they offer specialized classes and courses beyond the basics. that students are expected. While, public schools only teach general and common studies that would be required for future life. Private schools cater specialized classes like religious teachings. Private schools are stricter in rules and behavior including a school code dress uniform. The stricter classroom rules provides a better learning environment and results in a better education. Also, private school teachers usually hold advanced degrees and tend to be  experts in their field. Typically, private schools have newer facilities and materials such as older textbooks, sports equipment. However, there are also some benefits of public schools that private students don’t have. There are disadvantages in private schools while there are benefits. Private schools are usually composed of students from very similar backgrounds and economic states Therefore, the lack of diversity and in-exposure to different people of economic backgrounds can lower their communication and social skills. Public school education also has its own advantages and disadvantages. It’s educational disadvantages compared to private school students are by far. Public schools have larger class sizes and more students. So, students would have less individualized attention. Public schools are required to follow a heavy set of rules, restricting them to different methods of teaching. The state determined teaching methods may not be the best methods in teaching students on certain subjects. Public schools can be affected by the economy and decisions made by politicians. Another big difference is that public schools are required to educate all children by law and can’t deny any student. Admitting all sorts of children into classrooms causes higher chances of disturbance. It’s diversity may also cause higher chances of bullying and violence. Public school facilities and materials are typically older. The drop out rates in public schools are usually lower than private students. But, there are social benefits of being a public school student. The public school system is diverse with people from a variety of backgrounds. The students are more exposed to people from different social economic backgrounds and can teach children to get along with one another regardless of the differences. It can improve communication and social skills. Another advantage is that they are financed through the governmental don’t charge tuition. Students are also provided with transportation and all teachers are certified educational instructors. There are upsides and downsides of both school systems. The benefits of private school education exceeds public school benefits. The lower student to teacher ratio in private schools can encourage students to learn and provide more challenging courses for the advanced students. The safer learning environments with less bullying can improve concentration.

Coping With Climate Change Health And Social Care Essay

Autonomous versions may non be to the full equal for get bying with clime alteration, therefore asking deliberate, planned steps. Many options for policy-based version to climate alteration have been identified for agribusiness, woods and piscaries. These can either affect version activities such as developing substructure or edifice the capacity to accommodate in the broader user community and establishments, frequently by altering the decision-making environment under which management-level, independent version activities occur. Policybased versions to climate alteration will interact with, depend on, or possibly even be merely a subset of policies on natural resource direction, homo and animate being wellness, administration and human rights, among many others ( Yohe et al. , 2007 ) . Extenuation Schemes Agribusiness, land usage and waste history for some 35 per centum of the GHG emanations that contribute to climate alteration ( Stern, 2006 ) . At the same clip, improved agricultural patterns can do a important part at low cost to increasing dirt C sinks and to GHG emanation decreases ( Metz et al. , 2007 ) . Cardinal extenuation schemes in the agribusiness sector include: improved harvest and croping land direction to increase dirt C segregation, Restoration of debauched lands, improved rice cultivation and farm animal and manure direction to cut down methane emanations and improved nitrogen fertiliser direction to cut down azotic oxide emanations in some agricultural systems ( Metz et al. , 2007 ) . Improved direction of tropical land offers a promising agriculture-based extenuation scheme. Reduced deforestation, more sustainable forest direction and acceptance of agroforestry ( integrating of tree and harvest cultivation ) have peculiarly good potency to capture important sums of C and other GHGs and, at the same clip, to lend to poverty decrease ( CGIAR, 2008 ) . Cultivation of productive eatage grasses that sequester C can be combined with tree seting in silvopastoral systems of cultivation. Agroforestry non merely captures C and helps keep dirt wellness through N arrested development and usage of film editings as fertiliser and mulch, but it besides provides fresh fish, fruit, lumber, fuel, medical specialties and rosins. This can assist better nutrition in agriculturist families through higher incomes and by straight adding diverseness to diets ( CGIAR, 2008 ) . Agricultural research can assist make new engineerings that will ease agriculture-based extenuation schemes. For illustration, research is afoot at CGIAR-supported international agricultural research Centres to engender new, drought-tolerant assortments of sorghum that will supply nutrient, provender and fuel all from a individual works, without current trade-offs among utilizations. In the wast e direction sector, bing engineerings for extenuation are available that can lend to improved public wellness as an input into good nutrition. These include waste incineration with energy recovery, composting of organic waste, controlled waste H2O intervention and recycling to minimise waste ( Metz et al. , 2007 ) . Beginning: FAO, Policy Brief on Food Security, Figure 2, June 2006, Issue 2. FAO ‘s ‘twin-track attack ‘ for contending hunger combines sustainable agricultural and rural development with targeted programmes for heightening direct entree to nutrient for the most destitute. As outlined above, the first path addresses recovery steps for set uping resilient nutrient systems. Factors that affect nutrient system resiliency include the construction of the nutrient economic system as a whole, every bit good as its constituents such as agricultural production, engineering, the variegation of nutrient processing, markets and ingestion. Track 2 assesses the options for supplying support to vulnerable groups. This survey is looking for family nutrient security appraisal attack. Household nutrient insecurity can be assessed utilizing direct and indirect measurings. Food Sufficiency Status Question ( Briefel et al. , 1992 ) , Community Childhood Hunger Identification Project Instrument ( Wehler et al. , 1994 ) , Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity Instrument ( Radimer et al. , 1992 ) and Food Security Core Model ( Bickel et al. , 2000 ) and Accumulative Food Security Index ( Maxwell, 1996 ) are among questionnaire-based instruments designed to straight mensurate nucleus behaviours and experiences related to nutrient sufficiency or nutrient insecurity and to be administered to the individual most responsible for nutrient and nutrient proviso in the family. The indirect measurings of nutrient insecurity which include income-based steps of poorness, use of nutrient security-related plan, indexs of fiscal adversity, anthropometric measurings, dietetic consumption and other wellness and n utrition parametric quantities, indicate the degree of exposure in which nutrient insecurity may be moderately inferred ( Radimer et al. , 1990 ; Office of Nutrition Policy and Promotion at Health Canada, 2002 ) . The Radimer/Cornell Hunger and Food Insecurity instrument identifies nutrient insecurity experienced at the family, single and child degrees and maintains that nutrient insecurity is a managed procedure ( Radimer et al. , 1990 ) . The family makes necessary accommodations to turn to nutrient insecurity with the kids being spared until nutrient insecurity becomes terrible. In other words, the grownups will digest hunger themselves so that their kids do non endure. While the Radimer/Cornell instrument has been used extensively in the United States, its application in a different cultural scene is comparatively limited ( Kaiser et al. , 2002 ; Studdert et al. , 2001 ; Welch et al. , 1998 ) . The Radimer/Cornell instrument has been shown to be applicable in Malaysia as a direct appraisal of family nutrient insecurity ( Zalilah, 1998 ; Zalilah & A ; Tham, 2002 ; Zalilah & A ; Ang, 2002 ) .Degrees of Food security:Extensive research in the late eightiess focused on understanding family nut rient security, nutrient insecurity, and hungriness. This work led to the development by an adept working group of the American Institute of Nutrition of the undermentioned conceptual definitions, which were published in 1990 by the Life Sciences Research Office ( LSRO ) of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology: Food security – â€Å" Entree by all people at all times to enough nutrient for an active, healthy life. Food security includes at a lower limit: ( 1 ) the ready handiness of nutritionally equal and safe nutrients, and ( 2 ) an assured ability to get acceptable nutrients in socially acceptable ways ( e.g. , without fall backing to exigency nutrient supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other get bying schemes ) . † It will be measured if families show no or minimum grounds of nutrient insecurity Food insecurity – â€Å" Limited or unsure handiness of nutritionally equal and safe nutrients or limited or unsure ability to get acceptable nutrients in socially acceptable ways. † Food insecurity is apparent in family members ‘ concerns about adequateness of the family nutrient supply and in accommodations to household nutrient direction, including reduced quality of nutrient and increased unusual header forms. It will be measured if small or no decrease in members ‘ nutrient consumption is reported Hunger – â€Å" The uneasy or painful esthesis caused by a deficiency of nutrient. The recurrent and nonvoluntary deficiency of entree to nutrient. Hunger may bring forth malnutrition over clip†¦ . Hunger†¦ is a possible, although non necessary, effect of nutrient insecurity. † Food consumption for grownups in the family has been reduced to an extent that implies that grownups have repeatedly experienced the physical esthesis of hungriness. In most ( but non all ) food-insecure families with kids, such decreases are non observed at this phase for kids. At this degree, all families with kids have reduced the kids ‘s nutrient consumption to an extent indicating that the kids have experienced hungriness. For some other families with kids, this already has occurred at an earlier phase of badness. It will be measured if grownups in families with and without kids have repeatedly experienced more extended decreases in nutrient consumption. Food insecurity and hungriness, as the footings are used here, are conditions ensuing from fiscal resource restraint. Hunger, for illustration, can happen in many state of affairss, including dieting and being excessively busy to eat. The measurement process described here, nevertheless, is concerned merely with nutrient insecurity and hungriness that occur because the family does non hold adequate nutrient or money to purchase nutrient. Hunger, in this position, may be seen as a terrible phase or degree of nutrient insecurity, instead than as a distinguishable or separate status from the more general experience of nutrient insecurity. Furthermore, while this status is normally associated with poorness, it is non the same thing as general income insufficiency. Rather, it is the status of want in this one country of basic demand ; its measuring captures the badness of want due to resource restraint in this one specific country of demand, as straight experienced and described by respon dents. The full scope of nutrient insecurity and hungriness can non be captured by any individual index. Alternatively, a family ‘s degree of nutrient insecurity or hungriness must be determined by obtaining information on a assortment of specific conditions, experiences, and behaviours that serve as indexs of the changing grades of badness of the status. Research over the past two decennaries has identified a peculiar set of this sort of status, experience and behaviour form that systematically characterizes the phenomenon of nutrient insecurity and hungriness. ( Derrickson, 2000 ) It is frequently utile, both for policy and research intents, to simplify the nutrient security graduated table into a little set of classs, each one stand foring a meaningful scope of badness on the implicit in graduated table, and to discourse the per centum of the population in each of these classs. Four classs have been defined for this intent: A family is classified into one of the nutrient security status-level classs on the footing of its mark on the nutrient security graduated table, while the family ‘s graduated table mark is determined by its overall form of response to the set of index inquiries. Families with really low graduated table tonss are those that report no, or really limited, food-insecurity or hungriness experiences. These families are classified as nutrient secure. At the other extreme, families with really high graduated table tonss are those that have reported a big figure of the conditions and are classified as nutrient insecure with hungriness ( terrible ) — i.e. , with hungriness at the most terrible degree measured in the U.S. The more meaningful separations are those that autumn in the in-between scopes of the graduated table. Here, families that affirm at least three of the index conditions are classified as nutrient insecure. Most of these are classified â€Å" nutrient insecure wi thout hungriness, † as the presence of adequate indexs, of sufficient badness degree to set up confidently the presence of hungriness among family members, is missing. A smaller figure of the food-insecure families show measured badness degrees higher up the graduated table, and have affirmed at least three of the ( normally adult ) hungriness indexs. These families are deemed to be describing adequate indicants of nutrient insecurity and reduced nutrient consumption to set up a high chance of hungriness among family members, and consequently are classified â€Å" nutrient insecure with hungriness. †Questions and Instruction manuals in USAID ModelIn the past four hebdomads, did you worry that your family would non hold plenty nutrient? ( Worry about nutrient ) This inquiry asks the respondent to describe their personal experience with uncertainness and anxiousness about geting nutrient during the old month. The interviewer should besides read the definition of a â€Å" family † that was developed during the readying of the questionnaire. Mention that this definition of family applies to all the inquiries with that term. In the past four hebdomads, were you or any household member non able to eat the sorts of nutrients you preferred because of a deficiency of resources? ( Unable to eat preferable nutrients ) One sphere of nutrient insecurity ( entree ) is holding limited picks in the type of nutrient that a family chow. This inquiry asks whether any family member was non able to eat harmonizing to their penchant due to a deficiency of resources. Preference can mention to the signifier of a peculiar nutrient ( i.e. , whole rice vs. broken rice ) , type of basic ( i.e. , millet vs. maize ) or a high quality nutrient ( i.e. , a piece of meat or fish ) . Preferred nutrients may or may non be nutritionally high quality. The interviewer should besides read the definition of a â€Å" deficiency of resources. † Mention that this definition of family applies to all the inquiries with that term. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat a limited assortment of nutrients due to a deficiency of resources? ( Eat merely a few sorts of nutrients ) This inquiry asks about dietetic picks related to variety – i.e. , whether the family had to eat an unsought humdrum diet ( small diverseness in the different types of nutrients consumed ) . The interviewer should read the description of what a humdrum diet might be. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat some nutrients that you truly did non desire to eat because of a deficiency of resources to obtain other types of nutrient? ( Eat nutrients they truly do non desire eat ) This inquiry, which besides captures the dimension of limited picks, asks whether any family member had to eat nutrient that they found socially or personally unwanted due to a deficiency of resources. Often these are nutrients or nutrient readyings that are consumed merely under adversity. Different people may see different nutrients to be unwanted, so it is best non to supply illustrations here at first. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members, harmonizing to his or her ain perceptual experience of the types of nutrient family members ate during the old four hebdomads. If more encouragement is required, the interviewer may give some illustrations utilizing any illustrations included in the questionnaire and reviewed during preparation. For all inquiries, it is of import to remind respondents that the illustrations are non an thorough list. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat a smaller repast than you felt you needed because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Eat a smaller repast ) This inquiry asks whether the respondent felt that the sum of nutrient ( any sort of nutrient, non merely the basic nutrient ) that any family member Ate in any repast during the past four hebdomads was smaller than they felt they needed due to a deficiency of resources. The respondent should reply harmonizing to his or her perceptual experience of what constitutes adequate nutrient for the demands of the family members. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any household member have to eat fewer repasts in a twenty-four hours because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Eat fewer repasts in a twenty-four hours ) This inquiry asks whether any family member, due to miss of nutrient, had to eat fewer repasts than the figure typically eaten in the nutrient secure families in their country. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, was there of all time no nutrient to eat of any sort in your family because of deficiency of resources to acquire nutrient? ( No nutrient of any sort in the family ) This inquiry asks about a state of affairs in which the family has no nutrient to eat of any sort in the place. This describes a state of affairs where nutrient was non available to family members through the families ‘ usual agencies ( e.g. , through purchase, from the garden or field, from storage, etc. ) . In the past four hebdomads, did you or any family member go to kip at dark hungry because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Travel to kip hungry ) This inquiry asks whether the respondent felt hungry at bedtime because of deficiency of nutrient or whether the respondent was cognizant of other family members who were hungry at bedtime because of deficiency of nutrient. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members. In the past four hebdomads, did you or any family member go a whole twenty-four hours and dark without eating anything because there was non plenty nutrient? ( Travel a whole twenty-four hours and dark without eating ) This inquiry asks whether any household member did non eat from the clip they awoke in the forenoon to the clip they awoke the following forenoon due to miss of nutrient. The respondent needs to reply on behalf of all family members.Measurement Scalea. Categorical Ranking Assessment ( USAID Model ) : It calculates for each family by delegating a codification for the nutrient insecurity ( entree ) class in which it falls. The four nutrient security classs should be created consecutive, in the same order as shown below, to guarantee that families are classified harmonizing to their most terrible response. Calculate the Household Food Insecurity Access class for each family. 1 = Food Secure, 2=Mildly Food Insecure Access, 3=Moderately Food Insecure Access, 4=Severely Food Insecure Access. Category = 1 if [ ( Q1a=0 or Q1a=1 ) and Q2=0 and Q3=0 and Q4=0 and Q5=0 and Q6=0 and Q7=0 and Q8=0 and Q9=0 ] Category = 2 if [ ( Q1a=2 or Q1a=3 or Q2a=1 or Q2a=2 or Q2a=3 or Q3a=1 or Q4a=1 ) and Q5=0 and Q6=0 and Q7=0 and Q8=0 and Q9=0 ] Category = 3 if [ ( Q3a=2 or Q3a=3 or Q4a=2 or Q4a=3 or Q5a=1 or Q5a=2 or Q6a=1 or cQ6a=2 ) and Q7=0 and Q8=0 and Q9=0 ] Category = 4 if [ Q5a=3 or Q6a=3 or Q7a=1 or Q7a=2 or Q7a=3 or Q8a=1 or Q8a=2 or Q8a=3 or Q9a=1 or Q9a=2 or Q9a=3 ] b. Rasch measuring theoretical account ( USDA Model ) : The Rasch measuring theoretical account, which was developed chiefly in the educational testing field, assumes an implicit in continuum — in the present instance, of the badness of nutrient insecurity experienced by the family — upon which both points and families can be located, and assumes that the chance of a family confirming a specific point depends on the comparative badness of the family and the point. The single-parameter Rasch theoretical account, which is used to make the nutrient security graduated table, assumes specifically that the log of the odds of a family confirming an point is relative to the difference between the badness degree of the family and the badness degree of the point. Therefore, the chance that a family at severity-level H will confirm an point at severity-level I is: Ph, i=e ( h-i ) / ( 1+e ( h-i ) ) ( 1 ) where vitamin E is the base of the natural logarithms.three. Determining the nutrient security influencing factorsSeveral variables of family composing like incomes, outgos, basic comfortss, plus ownership, fiscal and material AIDSs received from authorities or non-government bureaus, employment position, etc. , factors have impacts on family nutrient security. Climate prima factors like income decrease, seasonal unemployment, wellness consequence, etc. , can impact family nutrient security. Literature besides showed more of the nutrient insecure families were populating below the poorness line, had a larger family size, more kids and school-going kids and female parents as homemakers. To supply grounds of family nutrient insecurity and place its indexs in Malaysia, the survey will analyze the associations between family nutrient insecurity with demographic, family, socioeconomic, and climatic factors. Chi-square trial and logistic arrested development will be utilized for comparing of factors between nutrient secure and nutrient insecure families and finding of factors associated with family nutrient insecurity, severally. Here, the chief intent is to find the chance that an person with a given set of property will fall in one pick instead than the alternate, i.e. , either nutrient secure or insecure non both. The dependent variable is dummy variable, which takes a value of 0 or 1 depending on the families ‘ nutrient security position. There are attacks developed for a chance theoretical account whose response variable is dummy one. These are: the Linear Probability Model ( LPM ) , Logit Model, and Probit Model. The pick of these theoretical accounts depends on the suitableness to suit the information. LPM has built-in draw dorsums. To advert some of these downside of: it lacks to demo the uniformity of mistake footings, hetroscedasticity ( the discrepancy of the error term is non changeless ) of the error term, possibility of the acquiring the chance map consequence out of 0 and 1, and the general lower R2 value. Owing to these cardinal jobs, LPM is non logically attractive theoretical account f or dummy antiphonal variables ( Gujarati, 1995 ) . Therefore, one can utilize Accumulative Distribution Function ( CDF ) viz. Logit or Probit theoretical accounts ( Gujarati, 1995 ) . The inquiry is that which CDF theoretical account to utilize. However, both can be used for dummy antiphonal variable most research workers choose Logit than Probit arrested development theoretical account. Therefore, Logit theoretical account warrant the estimated chances additions and ne'er stairss outdoors 0 to 1 interval and the relationship between chance ( pi ) and explanatory variable ( Xi ) is non-linear. Therefore, a logistic theoretical account, besides known as Multinomial Logistic Regression, uses to place the determiners of nutrient security and to measure their comparative importance in finding the chance of being in nutrient secure state of affairs or non. Prior to the appraisal of the logistic arrested development theoretical account that the explanatory variables need to look into for the being of multicolinearity. In this survey among the other methods, Variance Inflation Factor ( VIF ) uses to mensurate the grade of additive relationships among the uninterrupted explanatory variables. Where each uninterrupted explanatory variable reasoning backwards on all the other uninterrupted explanatory variables and coefficient of finding for each alar or subordinate arrested development computes. Following Gujarati ( 1995 ) , VIF is defined as: VIF ( X J ) = 1/ ( 1-Rj2 ) ( 9 ) Where, Xj = the jth quantitative explanatory variable regressed on the other quantitative explanatory variables. Rj2 = the coefficient of finding when the variable Xj regressed on the staying explanatory variables. As a regulation of pollex, if the VIF of a variable exceeds 10 that variable is said to be extremely collinear and it can be concluded that multicolinearity is a job ( Gujarati, 1995 ) . In a similar mode, to avoid the multicolinearity job among silent person ( qualitative ) variables Contingency Coefficients ( C ) need to be computed. It is defined as follows:four. Determining the influences of climatic agents on nutrient securityIndividual dimensions of nutrient security are non discernible per Se, and are considered a latent variable depending on the footings on several climatic factors and non-climatic factors observed variables. The theoretical account can be estimated through an extension of multivariate arrested development theoretical accounts. A hierarchical/ way diagram theoretical account in which some variables are dependent on one side and independent of the other. Unobservable ( i.e. , latent ) variables have besides to be dealt with. In the causal theoretical accounts literature ( Spirtes, Glymour and Scheines, 2000 ) , circles represent latent variables and boxes represent ascertained variables. Most of the hierarchal or multi-level theoretical accounts studied in the literature trade with mensural variables, so the arrested development belongingss are extended. One of the advanced parts of this research is the appraisal of latent variable theoretical accounts in complex study informations. Sing the complexness of the theoretical account concerned, two alternate appraisal schemes could be adopted for the appraisal of family resiliency: structural equation modeling and multi-stage modeling. Structural equation theoretical accounts ( SEMs ) are the most appropriate tools for covering with the sort of theoretical account illustrated in above figure. Structural equation patterning combines factor analysis with arrested development. It is assumed that the set of mensural variables is an imperfect step of the implicit in latent variable of involvement. Structural equation patterning uses a factor analysis-type theoretical account to mensurate the latent variables via ascertained variables, while at the same time utilizing a regression-type theoretical account to place relationships among the latent variables ( Bollen, 1989 ) . By and large, the appraisal methods developed for SEMs are limited to the usually distributed ascertained variables, but in most instances ( including this one ) , many variables are nominal or ordinal. It is besides possible to utilize generalised latent variable theoretical accounts ( Bartholomew and Knott, 1999 ; Skrondal and Rabe-Hesketh, 2004 ) to pattern different response types. This survey prefers to utilize SEM to gauge the influences of climatic alterations on nutrient security. The other attack explored is a multi-stage scheme for gauging the latent variables individually, based on the relevant ascertained variables. This involves the usage of assorted sets of ascertained variables to gauge the implicit in latent variables. In other words, the circles represent the common form in the mensural variables. The methods used for bring forthing these latent variables depend on the graduated tables of the ascertained variables. Traditional multivariate methods are based on uninterrupted variables, but most of the variables in household-level studies are qualitative ( nominal, ordinal or interval ) , so it is necessary to utilize different techniques for non-continuous types of variables.v. Determining the family header schemesFor early efforts to minimise family nutrient insecurity, several get bying schemes were found to be significantly different between the two types of families. More of the nutrient secure families were able to follow the schemes of selling va luable stuffs and borrowing money compared to the nutrient insecure families. The former with higher average income have assets and belongingss that they can sell or mortgage during periods of economic adversity. On the other manus, as nutrient insecure families had more school-going kids, cut downing outgos on kids ‘s instruction is an of import header scheme which includes bespeaking a school text edition loan, cut downing kids ‘s pocket money and expenditures on school demands and activities. On nutrient schemes, borrowing money to purchase nutrient and having nutrients from household members, relations and neighbours are ways to buffer the nutrient secure families from sing nutrient inadequacy. Most of the nutrient insecure families adopted the scheme on cooking whatever nutrient is available at place, including the usage of herbs, works shoots ( bamboo, manioc, banana ) or veggies grown by the families, domestic fowl or other domesticated animate beings ( coneies, c aprine animals, cattles ) reared for ain ingestion or hard currency, and fishing from rivers, lakes and sea. In other words, these schemes do non necessitate the nutrient insecure families to utilize money to buy nutrient. The schemes on cut downing sum of nutrients cooked for repasts, sum of nutrient consumption, nutrient fluctuations in repasts and ingestion of fruits and veggies did non differ significantly between the two families. However, decrease in the figure of repasts is adopted by more of the nutrient secure families than the nutrient insecure families. Typically, breakfast or tiffin is the repast excluded by these families ( Shariff and Khor 2008 ) . The usage of schemes to get by with short-run and long-run alterations in family income and nutrient inadequacy as direct indexs has been documented in many earlier surveies ( De Garine, 1993 ; Eele, 1994 ; Frakenberger & A ; Coyle, 1993 ; Watts & A ; Bohle, 1993 ) . Maxwell et Al. ( 1999 ) indicated that in both rural and urban scenes, four classs of get bying schemes related to dietetic alteration, food-seeking behaviours, family construction and rationing are normally adopted by families sing nutrient inadequacy ; nevertheless the specific header schemes within each class may change across scenes. Due to different environmental fortunes ( e.g. cost of life, rural versus urban civilization, instruction and employment position of adult females ) , the urban low-income families may use different specific get bying mechanisms to cover with income and nutrient inadequacy than rural families. Similarly, Davies ( 1996 ) has suggested that assorted facets of get bying behaviours ( definit ion, sequence of importance or badness, short-run versus long-run alterations ) may differ between locations ( e.g. urban versus rural ) and within a location ( angling versus agricultural community in a rural country ) . Shariff and Khor ( 2008 ) besides found that the rural low-income families used food-related get bying mechanisms ( cook whatever nutrient is available at place and borrow money to purchase nutrient ) during periods of nutrient insecurity. Based on the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring ( 1994~2000 ) , Dore et Al. ( 2003 ) reported that the usage of less expensive nutrient and ingestion of home-prepared repasts were prevailing get bying mechanisms among low-income Russian families to protect the dietetic consumptions of kids. Decreased frequence and measure of nutrient consumption, compromised diet in relation to nutrient quality, nutrient penchant and nutrient permutation, alterations in nutrient shop, sale of assets and borrowing nutrient or money were reported by households in Java during the Indonesia ‘s economic crisis in 1998 ( Studdert et al. , 2001 ) . There are several advantages of utilizing get bying schemes to mensurate nutrient insecurity such as the processs are simp le, low cost and comprehendible by many, can be used in combination with other steps of nutrient insecurity and gaining control some elements of exposure and complexness related to nutrient insecurity ( Maxwell, 1996 ) . Although several nutrient get bying schemes were associated with nutrient insecurity, the findings should be farther investigated and confirmed as these schemes may be context or puting specific. Finally, get bying schemes as nutrient security indexs should be validated against other indexs such as nutrient ingestion ( family, single ) , poverty steps ( income and outgo ) , single wellness and nutritionary position and grounds of nutrient insecurity ( climate alteration factors, natural catastrophes ) .